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Cross-Chain Interoperability
The Wrapped Asset Model and Its Counterparty Risk · 1/2

A wrapped token is a claim, not the original asset

When a wrapped token, such as a wrapped version of one chain's native asset represented on another chain, shows up in a wallet, it's easy to treat it as functionally identical to the real thing. It usually behaves that way in practice: it can be traded, used as collateral, and transferred like any other token on its host chain. But underneath that convenience, a wrapped token is not the original asset relocated, it is a synthetic IOU whose only value comes from a promise that somewhere, a bridge contract on the source chain is holding real collateral and will honor redemption when the wrapped token is burned.

This makes a wrapped token's value conditional in a way the original asset's value isn't. The real asset on its native chain derives its security from that chain's own consensus and validator set. The wrapped representation derives its security from an entirely separate thing: the correctness and honesty of the bridge that minted it. Those two security models are not the same, and conflating them is one of the most common misunderstandings among users who assume that holding wrapped ETH on some other chain carries the same guarantees as holding ETH on Ethereum itself.